Method of utilizing variable data fields with a page description language

ABSTRACT

A computer implemented method for generating a bitmap suitable for high-speed variable printing, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a page description language file, the page description language file defining at least one variable data area and at least one static data area; (b) interpreting the page description language file, and during the interpreting step: (i) generating a static bitmap of the static data area, (ii) identifying the variable data area, and (iii) responsive to the identification of the variable data area, not adding a bitmap of the variable data area to the static bitmap; and (c) saving the static bitmap, whereby the saved static bitmap is used repeatedly in the generation of a plurality of documents, each of which contain the static bitmap and a variable data bitmap.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/090,074, filed Mar. 1, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,771,387, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/299,502, filed Apr.26, 1999, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,028, issued Apr. 30, 2002;which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/896,899,filed Jul. 18, 1997, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,937,153, issued Aug.10, 1999; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 08/373,582, filed Jan. 18, 1995, and issued as U.S. Pat. No.5,729,665, issued Mar. 17, 1998.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to the high-speed printing industry, andmore particularly, to a method for printing variable data using a pagedescription language in a high-speed printing environment.

Application programs, such as Adobe Illustrator®, typically include aprogram which generates a specification of a screen or page's contentsin a page description language. The specification, or page descriptioncode, provides instructions as to how to generate the image in aprinter. The page description code is transferred from the applicationprogram to a printer, where it is executed to generate a bit map of thepage. The most commonly used page description language is PostScript®,which is a machine independent language produced by Adobe Systems, Inc.

An application program page typically contains a number of data areaswith either graphic or alphanumeric data. The PostScript languageincludes commands that define or build “graphics states” for each of thedata areas on the page. These graphics states are sets of defaultattributes such as angle, scale factor, type-font, location, etc., whichdefine how data is to appear on the page. Often, multiple graphicsstates are defined for a single page, with the different graphic statescorresponding to different data areas on the page. Examples of commandsthat are used in PostScript to build a graphics state are: 20 rotate,/Times-Roman findfont, 14 scalefont, and setfont. In addition tocommands which build graphics states, PostScript specifications alsoinclude the graphic or alphanumeric data which is displayed in the dataareas, as well as a print command such as “SHOW”, which causes a bit mapto be generated for the data.

In the past, page description languages, including PostScript, have onlybeen used to print static data pages, because page description languageslack the functionality required for variable data printing. In variabledata printing, each page shares a common background, and the displayeddata in at least one data field changes for each page. Up until now, ithas not been possible to print pages of variable data with pagedescription languages such as PostScript, because the page descriptionlanguages are unable to save page backgrounds and graphics states from apage specification, and are thus unable reuse the same background andgraphics states when printing subsequent pages. Thus, with pagedescription languages such as PostScript, whether the entire page ischanged, or only a single item of data on the page is changed, a newpage description language specification is generated to print eachseparate page.

For example, if thousands of copies of a mass mailing advertisement wereto be printed, each copy being identical except for the recipient's nameand address, it would be necessary to generate a new PostScriptspecification defining the page background, and the graphics states forthe name and address fields, for each new name and address that isprinted. Hence, to print 50 advertisements, it would be necessary togenerate 50 PostScript specifications which each define virtually thesame image.

In general, PostScript specifications are very complex and requireextensive processing to generate and execute. Thus, generating a newPostScript specification each time a page of variable data is printedconsumes an immense amount of processing time. In high-speed printingsystems, it is typically the processing time, not the printer hardware,which determines the speed at which pages can be printed. Therefore, theprocessing required to repetitively redefine the same background andgraphics states for each page of variable data significantly slows theentire printing system.

Due to the amount of processing time consumed in redefining the pagetemplate and graphics states for each new page of data that is printed,as well as the resultant effect on printing speed, it is desirable tohave a method for processing variable data wherein once defined, thetemplate and graphics states for a page can be stored and reused forprinting subsequent pages. Further, it is desirable to have a method forprinting variable data which is compatible with existing printingsystems and page description languages, such as PostScript, and which iscapable of processing variable data in a high-speed industrial printingsystem.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method forutilizing variable data with a page description language, which enablesthe template and graphics states for a page of variable data to bedefined and stored; and which enables the stored graphics states to beassociated with multiple items of variable data from a database or mergefile; so that once stored, the graphics states can be repeatedly appliedto the items of variable data to print multiple pages of variable dataor multiple variable data bitmaps. Further, it is an object of thepresent invention to provide such a method which is compatible withexisting page description languages, and which can be used in ahigh-speed industrial printing system.

The method of the present invention is implemented by means of a controltask which executes in conjunction with a page description codeinterpretive program, such as a PostScript program, to identify variabledata areas in the page description code specification, and reserve thegraphics states for the variable data areas as they are defined by thespecification. After the interpreter program has executed, a merge taskis initiated. The merge task associates items of variable data from adata file with the reserved graphics states, generates a bit map foreach variable data area, merges the bit maps with the page template, andoutputs a complete bit map for the page. Accordingly, in the method ofthe present invention, bit maps for multiple pages of variable data aregenerated from a single page description language specification.

The present invention assumes the generation of a page specification inPostScript, or another similar page description language, by theapplication program, and the transfer of this specification to aprinter. According to the present invention, a control task activatesand monitors the PostScript interpreter program in the printer. As theinterpreter executes, it defines graphics states for the data areas onthe page. The PostScript attributes for a graphics state are stored in astack as they are defined, so that at any given point in the code, thestack represents all of the PostScript attributes for the currentgraphics state.

When the control task identifies a print command in the code, thecontrol task interrupts the interpreter to determine whether the data tobe printed is variable data. If the data is variable, the currentgraphics state, consisting of the attributes then existing in the stackand job specific attributes which are defined in a job file, is linkedto the data area and reserved in an internal database. Further,character bit maps are generated in accordance with the graphics state,and linked to and reserved with the graphics state. After the graphicsstate and character bit maps have been reserved, the PostScriptinterpreter is resumed at the line of code following the print command.

The interpreter continues executing until either the control taskdetects another print command, or the last line of code is reached. If asecond print command is detected, the interpreter is interrupted againand the above steps repeated, to reserve the stack contents and jobattributes for the second data area, and to generate and store a secondset of character bit maps. The control task continues in this mannermonitoring and interrupting the interpreter program, until all of thevariable data areas on the page have been detected, and graphics statesand possibly character bit maps for the variable data areas have beenreserved in the database.

As the PostScript interpreter executes, a bit map of the non-variablebackground graphics and text, otherwise referred to as a “template”, isgenerated for the page. At the last code command, which in PostScript istypically “SHOW-PAGE,” the control task terminates the PostScriptinterpreter, and reserves the template in the database.

The merge task is then initiated to print variable data pages using thereserved page template, graphics states and character bit maps. Themerge task begins by retrieving a merge file containing the variabledata to be printed. After retrieving the merge file, the task identifiesthe correct template for the current page, and the names of the graphicsstates related to that template, from data in the merge file. Then,using the name of the first graphics state reserved for the template,the merge task retrieves the graphics state from the database and thecharacter bit maps linked to that state. The merge task then retrievesdata corresponding to that graphics state from the appropriate field inthe merge file, and generates a bit map of the data in accordance withthe graphics state and character bit maps. The merge task then mergesthe data bit map into the template. After the bit map has been generatedand merged, the merge task identifies retrieves another graphics statefor the template and repeats the process. If there are no more graphicsstates which correspond to variable data areas on the page, the mergetask outputs the finished bit map for the page.

After the first page of data has been printed, the merge task retrievesa “clean” template from the database, and again identifies the graphicsstates for the page. The merge task then retrieves the next record ofvariable data from the database, and generates variable data bit mapsfor each of the fields in the record, in accordance with the reservedgraphics states and character bit maps which correspond to each of thefields. The merge task continues in this manner, identifying variabledata areas and generating bit maps for the variable data in the mergefile, until a page has been printed for each variable data record in thefile.

The method of the present invention is advantageous in that once thegraphics states and template have been defined for a variable data page,they can be reused to print multiple pages of variable data with only aminimal amount of additional processing.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide amethod for printing variable data with a page description language; amethod which increases the speed at which variable data pages can beprinted; a method which enables the printing attributes for a page to besaved and used for printing multiple pages of data; and a method whichis compatible with existing page description languages and printingsystems.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparentfrom the following description, the accompanying drawings and theappended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a data flow diagram illustrating the preferred embodiment ofthe method of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an example of a variable data page generated in accordancewith the method of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides a computer-implemented method forreserving graphics states, which enables a page description language tobe used for variable data printing. In accordance with the presentinvention, graphics states describing variable data areas are generatedby a page interpreter program and reserved in an internal database. Thegraphics states are later accessed from the database and used forprinting variable data pages. The method of the present invention can beemployed with a conventional page description language, such asPostScript, to enable variable data pages to be printed with a minimumamount of processing.

As shown in FIG. 1, an image containing text and/or graphics data iscreated at a workstation 10, using a graphics application program suchas Adobe Illustrator®. As the image is created, the application programdisplays the image on the workstation screen. When the image is completeand ready to be printed as a page, the application program generates aspecification of the image in PostScript in a conventional manner.

After the PostScript file 11 is generated, it is transferred from theworkstation 10 to a printer generally designated as 12. In the printer12, a PostScript interpreter 14 is executed to generate a pagemap of theimage. In the method of the present invention, a control task operatesin the printer 12 to initiate the PostScript interpreter program 14 anda merge task 16. The control task is initiated upon power-on of theprinter 12, and controls and coordinates the variable data printing.

As the PostScript interpreter 14 executes, it defines the PostScriptgraphics state attributes for the page. These attributes can include thesize, font, position, orientation, and location in which the graphic ortext data is to appear on the page. The specifics of the attributeswhich are available in PostScript to define how data is to appear on apage would be well-known to one skilled in the art. Therefore, furtherdescription of these PostScript attributes is not provided.

However, one of the PostScript attributes, namely the region, has beenexpanded in the present invention to allow for variable data printing.In the method of the present invention, the region attribute is used todefine the boundaries or extent to which a variable data graphics statewill be allowed to effect a page. The graphics state extent is aninvisible boundary which acts as a clippath for the page, to preventvariable data for a particular graphics state from extending outside theintended boundaries of the graphics state. The region of the graphicsstate extent is defined without altering PostScript, by using anordinary shape, which is created as part of the image, to define theregion. In the present invention, the artist creates a shaperepresenting the extent as part of the page image, and specifies aparticular trigger color or gray scale for the shape. Thus, the artistcould include a medium gray scale rectangle in the upper left-handcorner of the page, with the boundaries of the rectangle representingthe extent which the artist has defined for the graphics statepositioned at that corner of the page. The medium gray scale will thenrepresent the trigger color, and will be specified as the trigger forthe region attribute in a job file 18 in the printer 12.

In addition, a second parameter in the job file 18 can be used tospecify whether the rectangle should appear on the page, or whether itis being used only to define a graphics state extent. Thus, if theartist also wants the medium gray scale rectangle to appear on theprinted page, this parameter enables the color to act as a trigger, yetnot inhibit the artist's design. When the rectangle is interpretedduring the method of this invention, the control task will detect thetrigger color and will save an “invisible” boundary represented by therectangular as part of the graphics state.

As the PostScript attributes are defined, they are placed in a stack.When a new attribute is defined, it is added to the top of the stack.When an attribute is deleted, it is removed from the stack. Thecombination of all of the attributes located in the stack at any pointduring the execution of the PostScript interpreter 14 constitutes the“current” graphics state for the page.

When the interpreter reaches a print command, such as “SHOW” inPostScript, the command triggers the control task to interrupt theinterpreter program. During this interruption, the control taskinterprets data in the PostScript file 11 and reserves a graphics stateif the data is variable. Normally in a PostScript file, data which is toappear on the printed document is enclosed within parentheses. Thus, thecontrol task identifies data in the file 11 by locating parentheses inthe code.

After the control task identifies the data, it interprets the data todetermine whether it is static data, which is to be part of the pagetemplate, or variable data. To interpret the data, the control taskfirst reads the data located in the parentheses and compares the datawith a list of literal data strings stored in the job file 18. The jobfile 18 contains a list of data strings which are each associated withthe name of a graphics state and its corresponding data field in a mergefile 20. In the preferred embodiment, the graphics state name is thesame as the field name in the merge file 20. The merge file 20 containsvariable data arranged in records, with each record corresponding to adifferent page. Each record contains one or more data fields, which eachcorrespond to separate variable data areas on the page. The list of datastrings and associated graphics state names is entered in the job file18 by the print operator prior to initiating the print job. If the datafrom the PostScript file 11 matches a data string in the job file 18,the control task replaces the data from the file 11 with the graphicsstate name associated with the matching data string. In this manner, thecontrol task transforms static data in the PostScript file into avariable data field, by substituting a graphics state field name for thestatic data in the file.

In a second embodiment, the graphics state name corresponding to thedata area is defined directly within the PostScript file 11, by makingthe name part of the image that is created in the application program.In this embodiment, the name is enclosed within brackets in the file,such as “<< >>”, to enable the control task to identify the data asdefining a graphics state rather than being an ordinary data string.Thus, to define the graphics state “ADDRESS” within the PostScript file11, the following would appear before a show command in the code:“(<<ADDRESS>>)”. This second embodiment is advantageous in that it doesnot require the control task to compare the file data with a data listin the job file 18; however, it does require coordinating the graphicsstate and field names between the merge file 20 and the applicationprogram.

If the control task determines that the data corresponds to a variablearea, it reads the current contents of the graphics state stack todetermine the attributes to be used for printing data in that area. Inaddition to the PostScript attributes specified in the stack, thegraphics state can also include attributes which are specificallytailored to variable data printing. These additional attributes caneither appear after the graphics state name inside a “show” command, ifthe graphics state is defined directly in the PostScript file, or can bespecified in the job file 18 prior to execution of the print job. Theseadditional attributes specify how the variable data is to be positionedwithin the graphics state. The following is a list of the variable dataattributes which can be specified for a print job: Name: A label used toidentify the data to which the graphics state applies. A single datummay be inserted into more than one graphics state so this attribute isnot unique to a single state.

Glyphs: A list of character glyphs, both attributes and images, whichare available for use in the graphics state. (e.g. an alphabet of 72point Times-Roman bold italic characters).

Static Data: Data to be used in the event that variable data is notavailable.

Identification: A number used to uniquely identify a graphics state.

Justification: How to handle the text left to right-left border, rightborder, centered or justified.

Alignment: How to place the text vertically in the graphics state. Thiscould be top, bottom or centered.

Word Wrapping: Selects a word wrapping algorithm.

Dynamic Registration: Information on how to determine the registrationfrom one page to the next.

Logic Mode: The manner in which the bitmap merge takes place. This isone of seven binary combination techniques.

DP Procedure: A procedure (or program) used to manipulate the variabledata just before the graphics state is applied.

Data Selection: Which portions of the variable data to use.

Underline: Selects underlined text.

When the control task is triggered to reserve a graphics state, theabove listed attributes, if specified, are combined with the PostScriptattributes from the stack, and reserved as a single graphics state underthe name obtained from the PostScript file 11 or the job file 18 such asshown at 22.

After the control task has compiled the attributes for the currentgraphics state, it may instruct PostScript to generate a font cache 26for the graphics state. The font cache 26 consists of a character bitmap for each of the alphanumeric characters A-Z and 0-9 generated in thefont specified in the graphics state. After PostScript has generated allof the character bit maps, and placed the bit maps in the font cache 26,the font cache is linked to the graphics state 22, and reserved in thedatabase. After the control task has reserved the current graphics state22 and the font cache 26 in the database, it resumes execution of thePostScript interpreter 14 at the first line of code after the print or“SHOW” command, so that the print command is not executed.

After the interpreter is resumed, it continues defining graphics stateattributes for the page, until the control task detects another print or“SHOW” command. Upon detecting another print command, the control taskagain interrupts execution of the interpreter, and determines whetherthe data in the PostScript file 11 corresponds to a variable data area.If the data corresponds to a variable data area, the control task againsubstitutes a graphics state name from the job file 18 for the data inthe PostScript file 11, and reads the graphics state attributes from thestack and job file. The control task also instructs PostScript togenerate another font cache, if the attributes of the current graphicsstate differ from the attributes of previously reserved graphics states.The current graphics state and font cache are then linked, and reservedin the database under the second graphics state name from the job file18, such as shown at 24. If the data does not correspond to a variabledata area, the control task resumes execution of the interpreter at theprint command, so that a bit map for the data can be generated and addedto the tern plate.

At the final line of code, the template is complete, and incorporatesall of the static text and graphic data that is to appear on the printeddocument. At this point, the control task terminates the interpreter,and saves the template to the database such as shown at 28. InPostScript, the control task is triggered to save the template by the“SHOW-PAGE” command.

Since the control task of the invention operates externally of thePostScript interpreter, the method of the present invention enables bitmaps and graphics states to be generated by the interpreter in aconventional manner. However, rather than printing a completed page mapat the end of the interpreter program, the method of this inventionreserves the page maps, character bit maps and graphics states generatedby the interpreter, in order that they may be subsequently accessed andused to print multiple pages of variable data.

After the interpreter has been terminated, the control task initiatesthe merge task 16. The merge task 16 interfaces between the merge file20, which has been preprogrammed with items of variable data, and thedatabase in which the templates, font caches and graphics states definedby the interpreter have been saved, in order to combine the variabledata with a template on a single page map. The merge task 16 begins byaccessing the merge file 20 to retrieve the name of the template for thepage, and then retrieving the specified template from the database. Inaddition, the merge task 16 retrieves the names of the data fields andreserved graphics states which are associated with the selected templatefrom the merge file 20.

Using the name corresponding to the first graphics state on the page,the merge task 16 accesses the merge file 20 and retrieves the datastored under that field name in the first data record. In therepresentative merge file 20 shown in FIG. 1, the field names are NAMEand NUMBER.

After the merge task 16 has read the data corresponding to thedesignated field name, it retrieves the graphics state which wasreserved under the same name, as well as the character bit maps whichare linked to that graphics state. The merge task 16 then generates abit map of the data in accordance with the graphics state attributes.After the bit map is generated, it is merged into the template at theregion corresponding to the graphics state, by writing the data bit mapover the existing template bit map.

It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that it iswithin the scope of the invention to write the data bit map over a cleanpage as opposed to the template bitmap. For example, if the templatecontains no static bitmap data, then it would not be necessary to savean empty bitmap of the template in the database as described above.Thus, it is within the scope of the invention that the PostScript file11 defines only variable data areas and does not define any static dataareas. Such a PostScript file is illustrated in FIG. 1.

After the data from the first field has been merged into the template,the merge task 16 reads the name corresponding to a second variable dataarea from the merge file 20, if a second variable area exists on thepage. The merge task 16 then retrieves the graphics state and linkedfont cache having the same name as the second variable area. Next, usingthis name, the merge task 16 again accesses the merge file 20, and readsthe data from the field of the same name. The merge task 16 thengenerates a bit map for the data in accordance with the graphics stateand font cache, and again merges the data bit map into the template 28.

The merge task 16 continues the steps of identifying variable data areasfor the template, retrieving graphics states and character bit mapscorresponding to the variable areas, accessing variable data from themerge file 20, and generating bit maps for the variable data, until bitmaps have been generated and merged for all of the variable data to beincluded on the page. When a bit map has been generated for eachvariable data area, and merged with the template 28, the pagemap isoutput for printing as shown at 29.

The merge task 16 then proceeds with printing a second page using thesame template and graphics states, but a different variable data recordin the merge file 20. To print the second page, the merge task 16retrieves a “clean” template from the database. Next, the merge task 16again identifies the name of the first variable data area for thattemplate and retrieves the graphics state of the same name. Then, themerge task 16 reads the data for that field from the second record ofthe merge file 20, and generates a bit map of the data using theretrieved graphics state attributes and character bit maps. Once the bitmap is generated, the merge task 16 merges the bit map into the templateby writing the bit map over the template at the location defined by thegraphics state.

The merge task 16 then continues processing in this manner until bitmaps have been generated and merged into the template for all of thegraphics states reserved for the page. After all of the bit maps for thesecond page have been merged into the template, the page is printed. Themerge task 16 continues, repeating these steps for each record of datain the merge file 20, until all of the variable data records have beenprinted on a page.

FIG. 2 shows a variable data page printed in accordance with the methodof this invention. On this page, the data fields 30 and 32 are staticfields which are part of the page template. The data field 34 containingthe name “William” is a variable data field. Different names such asMark or Sam, from the merge file 20, are printed in this field onsubsequent pages. The font, angle and color contrast in which “William”is displayed are all aspects of the graphics state which were definedand stored during the steps of the present invention. Data field 36which contains the number “00467727” is a second variable data area onthe page. Again, the data displayed in this area varies on each page,depending upon the contents of the merge file 20.

While the method described constitutes a preferred embodiment of theinvention, it is to be understood that the present invention is notlimited to this precise form, and that variations may be made withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention.

1. A computer implemented method for generating a plurality of bit mapssuitable for high-speed printing, comprising the steps of: (a) providinga print specification, the print specification defining at least onevariable data area and at least one static data area, and the printspecification further defining at least one graphic state associatedwith the variable data area, the graphic state including at least oneattribute controlling the appearance of items to be printed in thevariable data area; (b) providing a plurality of variable data items;(c) processing the print specification, and during the processing step,identifying the variable data area and the graphic state associated withthe variable data area; (d) retrieving a variable data item from theplurality of variable data items; (e) generating a bitmap for thevariable item, the generating step including a step of applying thegraphic state associated with the variable data area to the variabledata item; and (f) repeating steps (d) and (e) for remaining variabledata items in the plurality of variable data items, whereby the graphicstate associated with the variable data area is applied repeatedly togenerate a plurality of variable data bitmaps.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the variable data area and the static data area are defined, atleast in part, by page description language commands.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising a step of caching the graphic stateassociated with the variable data area.
 4. The method of claim 1,further comprising a step of caching a representation of the static dataarea, whereby the cached representation of the static data area isavailable for merging with the variable data bitmaps to generate mergeddocuments.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the cached representationof the static data area is a bitmap representation.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein: the plurality of data items are associated with afield name; and he step of identifying a variable data area includes thestep of detecting, in the print specification, a character stringassociated with the variable data area that matches the field nameassociated with the plurality of data items.
 7. The method of claim 6,wherein the plurality of data items and the associated field name arecontained in a file external to the print specification.
 8. The methodof claim 1, further comprising the steps of: (i) generating a bitmap ofthe static data area; (ii) caching the bitmap of the static data area;and (iii) following or during step (e), merging the bitmap of thevariable data item with the bitmap of the static data area; wherein step(iii) is repeated with steps (d) and (e) in step (f).
 9. A computerimplemented method for generating a plurality of bit maps suitable forhigh-speed printing, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a printspecification, the print specification defining at least one variabledata area and at least one static data area; (b) providing a pluralityof variable data items; (c) identifying the variable data area; (d)associating a graphic state with the variable data area, the graphicstate including at least one attribute controlling the appearance ofitems to be printed in the variable data area; (e) retrieving a variabledata item from the plurality of variable data items; (f) generating abitmap for the variable item, the generating step including a step ofapplying the graphic state associated with the variable data area to thevariable data item; and (g) repeating steps (e) and (f) for remainingvariable data items in the plurality of variable data items, whereby thegraphic state associated with the variable data area is appliedrepeatedly to generate a plurality of variable data bitmaps.
 10. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the graphic state associated with thevariable data area is defined within the print specification.
 11. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the graphic state associated with thevariable data area is defined external to the print specification. 12.The method of claim 11, wherein the graphic state defines ajustification setting of items to be printed in the variable data area.13. The method of claim 11, wherein the graphic state defines verticalalignment of items to be printed in the variable data area.
 14. Themethod of claim 11, wherein the graphic state defines a wrappingalgorithm for flowing items in the variable data area.
 15. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the variable data area and the static data area aredefined, at least in part, by page description language commands. 16.The method of claim 9, further comprising a step of caching the graphicstate associated with the variable data area.
 17. The method of claim 9,further comprising a step of caching a representation of the static dataarea, whereby the cached representation of the static data area isavailable for merging with the variable data bitmaps to generate mergeddocuments.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the cached representationof the static data area is a bitmap representation.
 19. The method ofclaim 9, wherein: the plurality of data items are associated with afield name; and the step of identifying a variable data area includesthe step of detecting, in the print specification, a character stringassociated with the variable data area that matches the field nameassociated with the plurality of data items.
 20. The method of claim 19,wherein the plurality of data items and the associated field name arecontained in a file external to the print specification.
 21. The methodof claim 9, further comprising the steps of: (i) generating a bitmap ofthe static data area; (ii) caching the bitmap of the static data area;and (iii) following or during step (f), merging the bitmap of thevariable data item with the bitmap of the static data area; wherein step(iii) is repeated with steps (e) and (f) in step (g).